Round Valley Elementary

Summary:

Round Valley Elementary is a public K-8 school in Covelo, California, serving 304 students. The school is part of the Round Valley Unified School District, which is ranked 1501 out of 1568 districts in the state and has a 0-star rating from SchoolDigger.

Round Valley Elementary faces significant challenges, including consistently high chronic absenteeism rates, ranging from 29.6% to 57.1% in recent years. The school's academic performance is also a major concern, with proficiency rates in English Language Arts and Mathematics well below 20% across all grade levels. Science proficiency on the CAST assessment is similarly low, ranging from 5.71% to 8.33%. The school's performance for specific student subgroups, such as Native American students and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds, is particularly concerning, ranking in the bottom 10-20% of California elementary schools.

Nearby schools, such as Laytonville Elementary and Eel River Charter, also struggle with academic performance and high rates of chronic absenteeism, though to a lesser degree than Round Valley Elementary. The persistent challenges faced by Round Valley Elementary, including high poverty rates and a relatively high student-teacher ratio, suggest that significant and sustained interventions will be necessary to improve educational outcomes for the students.


Detail:

Public K-8

 Foothill and Airport Sts.
       Covelo, CA  95428-0276


(707) 983-6175

District: Round Valley Unified

SchoolDigger Rank:
5788th of 5,862 California Elementary Schools

Per Pupil Expenditures:  $7,354 Help


Students who attend Round Valley Elementary usually attend:

High:    Round Valley High

Student/teacher ratio:  27.7 Help
Number of students:  304

Racial breakdown:

American Indian:
61.2%
Hispanic:
24.0%
White:
9.9%
more

Free/discounted lunch recipients:  88.5% Help


 See top rated California elementary schools

 Compare Round Valley Elementary to nearby elementary schools!

Performance Trends
Help
Compare Details Round Valley Elementary ranks worse than 98.7% of elementary schools in California. (See more...)
Help
Compare Details In 2024 the calculated Average Standard Score was 7.39. (See more...)
Help
Compare Details Round Valley Elementary ranks worse than 94.2% of middle schools in California. (See more...)
Help
Compare Details In 2024 the calculated Average Standard Score was 11.15. (See more...)
Help
Chronic absenteeism in a school refers to a situation where students repeatedly miss school, with the threshold often defined as missing 10% or more of school days for any reason, excused or unexcused.
Finance
Help
Compare Details The average total spent per student at Round Valley Elementary is $7,354.
Schooldigger 2024 Rankings:

Round Valley Elementary:

SchoolDigger ranks Round Valley Elementary 5788th of 5862 California public elementary schools. (See Round Valley Elementary in the ranking list.)

Elementary School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:


Low Socio Economic Status students:
Female students:
Male students:
Native American students:

SchoolDigger ranks Round Valley Elementary 2615th of 2777 California public middle schools. (See Round Valley Elementary in the ranking list.)

Middle School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:


Low Socio Economic Status students:
Female students:
Male students:
Hispanic students:
Native American students:


Round Valley Unified:

SchoolDigger ranks Round Valley Unified 1501st of 1568 California school districts. (See district ranking list.)


What do you think?

Your rating for Round Valley Elementary?

Rank History for Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare

Rank History for all elementary school students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2004 22.86 3719th 4809 22.7%
2005 7.33 4761st 4822 1.3%
2006 9.07 4673rd 4818 3.0%
2007 5.34 5082nd 5113 0.6%
2008 6.77 5048th 5113 1.3%
2009 19.42 4472nd 5193 13.9%
2010 10.58 5126th 5314 3.5%
2011 18.22 4790th 5377 10.9%
2012 24.90 4322nd 5390 19.8%
2013 9.32 5327th 5530 3.7%
2015 7.10 5586th 5611 0.4%
2016 7.15 5549th 5614 1.2%
2017 15.47 5075th 5692 10.8%
2018 12.03 5316th 5662 6.1%
2019 17.22 5057th 5789 12.6%
2021 20.75 1143rd 1417 19.3%
2022 12.32 5579th 5883 5.2%
2023 9.11 5753rd 5874 2.1%
2024 7.39 5788th 5862 1.3%
See the entire list of California Elementary School Rankings!

Rank History for elementary school Low Socio Economic Status students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 17.92 4601st 5084 9.5%
2019 24.56 4258th 5173 17.7%
2021 37.38 687th 1110 38.1%
2022 14.92 4972nd 5264 5.5%
2023 11.66 5223rd 5374 2.8%
2024 9.61 5415th 5511 1.7%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Low Socio Economic Status Students!

Rank History for elementary school Homeless students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2022 16.46 342nd 356 3.9%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Homeless Students!

Rank History for elementary school Female students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 15.00 4911th 5413 9.3%
2019 16.28 4926th 5492 10.3%
2021 18.94 1075th 1267 15.2%
2022 7.92 5603rd 5635 0.6%
2023 7.22 5587th 5617 0.5%
2024 6.18 5589th 5605 0.3%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Female Students!

Rank History for elementary school Male students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 10.60 5234th 5431 3.6%
2019 18.60 4779th 5510 13.3%
2021 23.30 978th 1272 23.1%
2022 12.92 5378th 5663 5.0%
2023 11.71 5398th 5650 4.5%
2024 10.82 5437th 5636 3.5%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Male Students!

Rank History for elementary school Native American students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Elementary Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 51.86 7th 14 50.0%
2019 50.78 7th 18 61.1%
2022 32.25 9th 11 18.2%
2023 32.41 8th 11 27.3%
2024 36.11 6th 8 25.0%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Native American Students!

Data source: test scores: California Department of Education, rankings: SchoolDigger.com

Rank History for Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare

Rank History for all middle school students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2004 15.63 1557th 1769 12.0%
2005 12.45 1623rd 1777 8.7%
2006 8.97 1704th 1804 5.5%
2007 9.14 1883rd 1999 5.8%
2008 6.85 1925th 2005 4.0%
2009 4.96 2014th 2063 2.4%
2010 7.88 2075th 2179 4.8%
2011 5.54 2163rd 2236 3.3%
2012 16.99 1986th 2259 12.1%
2013 5.06 2325th 2379 2.3%
2015 7.58 2394th 2477 3.4%
2016 4.55 2458th 2497 1.6%
2017 6.77 2455th 2508 2.1%
2018 12.40 2272nd 2480 8.4%
2019 10.49 2538th 2715 6.5%
2021 15.09 812th 894 9.2%
2022 15.09 2441st 2740 10.9%
2023 9.92 2708th 2802 3.4%
2024 11.15 2615th 2777 5.8%
See the entire list of California Elementary School Rankings!

Rank History for middle school Low Socio Economic Status students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 14.88 2048th 2230 8.2%
2019 13.72 2185th 2369 7.8%
2021 20.34 640th 721 11.2%
2022 15.24 2269th 2458 7.7%
2023 13.22 2401st 2549 5.8%
2024 13.30 2401st 2575 6.8%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Low Socio Economic Status Students!

Rank History for middle school Homeless students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2023 30.45 236th 321 26.5%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Homeless Students!

Rank History for middle school Female students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 12.85 2068th 2262 8.6%
2019 12.43 2197th 2380 7.7%
2022 5.98 2506th 2509 0.1%
2023 10.46 2467th 2547 3.1%
2024 11.51 2408th 2546 5.4%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Female Students!

Rank History for middle school Male students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 14.08 2075th 2273 8.7%
2019 8.36 2333rd 2407 3.1%
2021 20.62 635th 763 16.8%
2022 20.59 2024th 2527 19.9%
2023 10.65 2456th 2558 4.0%
2024 12.95 2373rd 2547 6.8%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Male Students!

Rank History for middle school Hispanic students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2019 4.73 2195th 2213 0.8%
2024 11.72 2273rd 2383 4.6%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Hispanic Students!

Rank History for middle school Native American students at Round Valley Elementary

Year Avg Standard Score Statewide Rank Total # Ranked Middle Schools CA State Percentile SchoolDigger Rating
2018 55.81 6th 18 66.7%
2019 43.84 10th 19 47.4%
2022 50.13 8th 15 46.7%
2023 27.93 13th 16 18.8%
2024 46.81 4th 10 60.0%
See the entire list of Best California Elementary Schools for Native American Students!

Data source: test scores: California Department of Education, rankings: SchoolDigger.com

As you review the school rankings data, please be aware that some of the information from certain demographics is missing. The reason for this omission is that the data has been redacted from the source data itself due to low population samples in these specific demographic groups.

Redacting data from low population samples is a necessary step to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results, as small sample sizes may not be representative of the broader population. Additionally, this measure helps protect the privacy of individuals belonging to these demographic groups.

Round Valley Elementary Test Scores
Tests: 
  
Grades: 
  
Years: 
  
Group by: 
District Scores:
State Scores:    
  
Subgroup: 









Data source: California Department of Education

We're sorry, but no reviews have been submitted for Round Valley Elementary.

If you have first-hand knowledge about Round Valley Elementary, submit a rating!


Reviews:
No reviews have been submitted!


Enrollment information for Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare
Year White African American Asian Hispanic American Indian Pacific Islander Two or More Races Not Specified Total
1988 179 0 1 6 158 n/a n/a 0 344
1989 169 1 1 9 157 n/a n/a 0 337
1990 160 2 1 11 150 n/a n/a 0 324
1991 158 3 0 9 178 n/a n/a 0 348
1992 144 2 1 10 171 n/a n/a 0 328
1993 114 1 2 7 167 n/a n/a 0 291
1994 115 3 3 6 168 n/a n/a 0 295
1995 75 1 2 12 172 n/a n/a 0 262
1996 75 1 2 12 172 n/a n/a 0 262
1997 64 1 1 10 178 n/a n/a 0 254
1998 52 1 1 8 179 n/a n/a 0 241
1999 51 3 0 10 196 n/a n/a 0 260
2000 5 32 1 10 194 n/a n/a 33 275
2001 63 4 1 13 188 n/a n/a 0 269
2002 55 2 0 6 202 n/a n/a 0 265
2003 55 2 0 6 202 n/a n/a 0 265
2004 48 1 0 17 198 n/a n/a 2 266
2005 40 3 1 20 195 n/a n/a 3 262
2006 30 3 1 22 182 n/a n/a 2 240
2007 32 3 0 18 173 n/a n/a 2 228
2008 29 2 n/a 21 170 n/a n/a 0 222
2009 25 1 0 23 169 0 1 0 219
2010 22 2 0 22 168 1 0 0 215
2011 21 1 0 32 159 0 0 0 213
2012 17 1 1 33 170 0 0 0 222
2013 19 0 0 45 176 0 0 0 240
2014 23 2 0 49 161 0 8 0 243
2015 11 0 0 45 163 0 2 0 221
2016 19 0 0 59 175 0 4 0 257
2017 22 0 0 74 180 0 9 0 285
2018 35 0 0 84 179 0 7 0 305
2019 42 1 0 62 181 0 5 0 291
2020 34 2 1 59 185 0 4 0 285
2021 35 0 1 70 187 0 5 0 298
2022 37 0 1 80 167 0 6 0 291
2023 30 0 0 73 186 0 15 0 304

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Enrollment/Ethnicity

For more information about how the Department of Education defines ethnicity, see Defining Race and Ethnicity Data, National Center for Education Statistics

Students eligible for free or discounted lunch at Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare
Year # Students Full-time Teachers Student/Teacher ratio % Free/Discounted Lunch
1988 344 15.8 21.7 n/a
1989 337 21.6 15.6 n/a
1990 324 18.3 17.7 n/a
1991 348 17.7 19.6 n/a
1992 328 18.0 18.2 65.9
1993 291 18.8 15.5 88.3
1994 295 17.9 16.5 78.3
1995 262 14.9 17.6 55
1996 262 14.9 17.6 55
1997 254 15.5 16.4 94.9
1998 241 15.5 15.5 0
1999 260 16.0 16.3 69.6
2000 275 17.0 16.2 112.4
2001 269 19.0 14.2 98.9
2002 265 17.8 14.9 96.2
2003 265 17.8 14.9 96.2
2004 266 15.8 16.8 95.8
2005 262 15.8 16.6 95.4
2006 240 14.8 16.2 99.6
2007 228 14.5 15.7 96
2008 222 16.3 13.6 98.6
2009 219 15.8 12.3 98.6
2010 215 17.0 12.6 98.6
2011 213 n/a n/a 98.1
2012 222 14.0 15.8 97.7
2013 240 13.0 18.4 88.3
2014 243 13.9 17.4 96.7
2015 221 13.0 17.0 91
2016 257 14.0 18.3 85.6
2017 285 14.0 20.3 44.6
2018 305 10.6 28.5 99.3
2019 291 13.1 22.0 96.9
2020 285 n/a n/a 96.5
2021 298 13.6 21.9 95
2022 291 n/a n/a 90
2023 304 10.9 27.7 88.5

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Students eligible for discounted/free lunch:

The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides low-cost or free meals to students in U.S. public and nonprofit private schools based on household income. Those with incomes below 130% of the poverty line receive free lunch, while those between 130% and 185% qualify for reduced-price lunch. The percentage of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch serves as a marker for poverty, as it reflects the socioeconomic status of families in a given school or district. A higher FRPL rate typically indicates a higher concentration of low-income families, suggesting that the school or district may face additional challenges in providing adequate resources and support for student success.

Student/Teacher Ratio Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare
Year # Students Full-time Teachers Student/Teacher ratio % Free/Discounted Lunch
1988 344 15.8 21.7 n/a
1989 337 21.6 15.6 n/a
1990 324 18.3 17.7 n/a
1991 348 17.7 19.6 n/a
1992 328 18.0 18.2 65.9
1993 291 18.8 15.5 88.3
1994 295 17.9 16.5 78.3
1995 262 14.9 17.6 55
1996 262 14.9 17.6 55
1997 254 15.5 16.4 94.9
1998 241 15.5 15.5 0
1999 260 16.0 16.3 69.6
2000 275 17.0 16.2 112.4
2001 269 19.0 14.2 98.9
2002 265 17.8 14.9 96.2
2003 265 17.8 14.9 96.2
2004 266 15.8 16.8 95.8
2005 262 15.8 16.6 95.4
2006 240 14.8 16.2 99.6
2007 228 14.5 15.7 96
2008 222 16.3 13.6 98.6
2009 219 15.8 12.3 98.6
2010 215 17.0 12.6 98.6
2011 213 n/a n/a 98.1
2012 222 14.0 15.8 97.7
2013 240 13.0 18.4 88.3
2014 243 13.9 17.4 96.7
2015 221 13.0 17.0 91
2016 257 14.0 18.3 85.6
2017 285 14.0 20.3 44.6
2018 305 10.6 28.5 99.3
2019 291 13.1 22.0 96.9
2020 285 n/a n/a 96.5
2021 298 13.6 21.9 95
2022 291 n/a n/a 90
2023 304 10.9 27.7 88.5

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Student-Teacher Ratio

Student/teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of students by the total number of full-time equivalent teachers. Please note that a smaller student/teacher ratio does not necessarily translate to smaller class size. In some instances, schools hire teachers part time, and some teachers are hired for specialized instruction with very small class sizes. These and other factors contribute to the student/teacher ratio. Note: For private schools, Student/teacher ratio may not include Pre-Kindergarten.

Kindergarten Immunization Rates

Round Valley Elementary

Help
Compare
YearCompletely ImmunizedReligious ExemptionMedical ExemptionConditionalPolioHepatitis BVaricellaDTPMMR
201285.0%3.0%0.0%12.0%85.0%97.0%97.0%85.0%91.0%
201387.0%3.0%0.0%10.0%87.0%97.0%97.0%87.0%87.0%
201486.0%7.0%0.0%7.0%86.0%93.0%93.0%86.0%90.0%
201571.0%4.0%0.0%25.0%79.0%93.0%79.0%75.0%71.0%
201672.0%6.0%3.0%19.0%78.0%83.0%83.0%78.0%83.0%
201794.0%3.0%3.0%0.0%≥95.0%≥95.0%≥95.0%≥95.0%94.0%
201883.0%0.0%0.0%2.0%86.0%≥95.0%≥95.0%93.0%≥95.0%
201983.0%7.0%0.0%87.0%93.0%93.0%83.0%87.0%
202075.8%0.0%9.1%87.9%90.9%78.8%87.9%90.9%
202178.1%3.1%0.0%84.4%90.6%84.4%84.4%81.3%
202277.4%0.0%0.0%83.9%93.6%80.7%83.9%80.7%

Data source: California Department of Public Health
Finances

Per Pupil Expenditures for Round Valley Elementary

Help

YearTotal Expenditures Per Pupil
2018 $7,354

Data source: California Department of Education
Pre and Post Pandemic Data

Impact of COVID-19 on Round Valley Elementary

The coronavirus has had a profound impact on education in America. Learning shifted online overnight, attendance numbers dwindled, and enrollment decreased. SchoolDigger.com is making it easier for you to better assess how COVID-19 has impacted your school. Through the collection of pre-pandemic (2019) and current data, SchoolDigger.com is sharing test scores, enrollment numbers and school demographics from schools across the country – and we make it easy to see how impacted schools compare locally and statewide.

Rankings

Rank
Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)
Rank
Post pandemic (2022-2023)
Change (%)
Ranks 5057th of 5789 Elementary schoolsRanks 5753rd of 5874 Elementary schools
 10.6%
Ranks 2538th of 2715 Middle schoolsRanks 2708th of 2802 Middle schools
 3.2%

Test Scores

% proficient
Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)
% proficient
Post pandemic (2022-2023)
Change (%)
3rd Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)16.716
 0.7%
   3rd Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)16.716
 0.7%
   3rd Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)48.543
 5.6%
3rd Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)12.512
 0.5%
   3rd Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)12.512
 0.5%
   3rd Grade Mathematics (California)50.245.1
 5.1%
4th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)31.69.1
 22.5%
   4th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)31.69.1
 22.5%
   4th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)49.543.7
 5.7%
4th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)5.34.6
 0.7%
   4th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)5.34.6
 0.7%
   4th Grade Mathematics (California)44.940.8
 4.1%
5th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)46.911.1
 35.8%
   5th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)46.911.1
 35.8%
   5th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)51.746.7
 5%
5th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)31.33.7
 27.6%
   5th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)31.33.7
 27.6%
   5th Grade Mathematics (California)3833.4
 4.6%
5th Grade Science (Round Valley Elementary)16.118.5
 2.4%
   5th Grade Science (Round Valley Unified)16.118.5
 2.4%
   5th Grade Science (California)31.731.9
 0.1%
6th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)9.16.3
 2.8%
   6th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)9.16.3
 2.8%
   6th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)48.544.2
 4.3%
6th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)6.73.1
 3.5%
   6th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)6.73.1
 3.5%
   6th Grade Mathematics (California)38.533.2
 5.3%
7th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)21.730
 8.3%
   7th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)21.730
 8.3%
   7th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)51.447.4
 3.9%
7th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)4.210.3
 6.2%
   7th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)4.210.3
 6.2%
   7th Grade Mathematics (California)37.933.2
 4.7%
8th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Elementary)28.23.6
 24.6%
   8th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (Round Valley Unified)28.23.6
 24.6%
   8th Grade English Language Arts/Literacy (California)49.445.7
 3.8%
8th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Elementary)12.80
 12.8%
   8th Grade Mathematics (Round Valley Unified)12.80
 12.8%
   8th Grade Mathematics (California)36.629.9
 6.7%
8th Grade Science (Round Valley Elementary)7.73.5
 4.2%
   8th Grade Science (Round Valley Unified)7.73.5
 4.2%
   8th Grade Science (California)30.828.8
 2.1%

Student Body

Number of students
Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)
Number of students
Post pandemic (2022-2023)
Change (%)
Total Students291304
 4.5%
African American10
 100%
American Indian181186
 2.8%
Asian00
Hispanic6273
 17.7%
Pacific Islander00
White4230
 28.6%
Two or More Races515
 200%
% Free/Discounted Lunch Recipients96.9%88.5%
 8.4%


Schools Near Round Valley Elementary









Frequently Asked Questions about Round Valley Elementary

Students at Round Valley Elementary are 61% American Indian, 24% Hispanic, 10% White, 5% Two or more races.

In the 2022-23 school year, 304 students attended Round Valley Elementary.

Students who attend Round Valley Elementary usually go on to attend:

High : Round Valley High

Round Valley Elementary ranks in the bottom 1.3% of California elementary schools.


Rate Round Valley Elementary!



Sign up for updates!

Be the first to know when there is an update for Round Valley Elementary!




SchoolDigger data sources: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Census Bureau and the California Department of Education.

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMERS: Not all boundaries are included. We make every effort to ensure that boundaries are up-to-date. But it's important to note that these are approximations and are for general informational purposes only. To verify legal descriptions of boundaries or school locations, contact your local tax assessor's office and/or school district.





Diagnostics

None retrieved from Database in 1476 milliseconds.