Is Bonny Slope Elementary School a good school?

Yes! Bonny Slope Elementary School is one of the best elementary schools in the state. It ranks 17 th of 710 Oregon elementary schools.

How many students attend Bonny Slope Elementary School?

In the 2022-23 school year, 686 students attended Bonny Slope Elementary School.

What is the racial makeup of Bonny Slope Elementary School?

Students at Bonny Slope Elementary School are 49% White, 30% Asian, 11% Two or more races, 9% Hispanic, 1% African American.

What schools do graduates of Bonny Slope Elementary School attend?

Students who attend Bonny Slope Elementary School usually go on to attend: Middle : Tumwater Middle School High : Sunset High School

Bonny Slope Elementary School

Summary:

Bonny Slope Elementary School is a highly-ranked public elementary school in Portland, Oregon, serving students from kindergarten through 5th grade. With consistently outstanding academic performance, Bonny Slope is one of the top-performing elementary schools in the state, outshining nearby schools and the overall Beaverton School District.

Bonny Slope Elementary excels across key metrics, including standardized test scores that far exceed district and state averages. For example, in the 2023-2024 school year, 74.7% of 3rd graders, 82% of 4th graders, and 77.8% of 5th graders were proficient or better in English Language Arts, compared to the Beaverton School District averages of 50.9%, 57.7%, and 62%, respectively. The school also shines in mathematics, with 79.7% of 3rd graders, 77% of 4th graders, and 66.7% of 5th graders scoring proficient or better, far surpassing the district's performance. Bonny Slope's exceptional results extend across diverse student subgroups, ranking among the top 1-2% of Oregon elementary schools for Asian and Hispanic students, and within the top 5-7% for multi-racial and special education students.

While Bonny Slope Elementary serves a relatively affluent student population, with only 15.16% of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch, the school achieves its high academic performance with efficient resource allocation, spending $15,205 per student - slightly lower than the Beaverton School District average. This sustained excellence over the years has solidified Bonny Slope's reputation as one of the top elementary schools in the Beaverton School District and the state of Oregon.

Detail:

Public K-5

11775 NW McDaniel Rd
Portland, OR 97229

(503) 356-2040

District: Beaverton School District 48J

SchoolDigger Rank:
17^th of 710 Oregon Elementary Schools

Per Pupil Expenditures: $15,530

Students who attend Bonny Slope Elementary School usually attend:

Middle:	Tumwater Middle School
High:	Sunset High School

Student/teacher ratio: 19.8

Number of students: 686

Racial breakdown:

White:

48.5%

Asian:

29.9%

Two or more races:

10.9%

Free/discounted lunch recipients: 15.2%

See top rated Oregon elementary schools

Compare Bonny Slope Elementary School to nearby elementary schools!

Performance Trends

Compare Details Bonny Slope Elementary School ranks better than 97.6% of elementary schools in Oregon. It also ranks 5^th among 36 ranked elementary schools in the Beaverton School District 48J. (See more...)

Compare Details In 2024 the calculated Average Standard Score was 96.96. (See more...)

Student Body

Compare Details Racial makeup is: White (48.5%), Asian (29.9%), two or more races (10.9%). (See more...)

Compare Details 15.2% of students are receiving a free or discounted lunch. (See more...)

Teachers

Compare Details The student/teacher ratio at Bonny Slope Elementary School is 19.8. 33 elementary schools in the Beaverton School District 48J have better student/teacher ratios. (See more...)

Compare Bonny Slope Elementary School employs 34.5 full-time teachers.

Finance

Compare Details The average total spent per student at Bonny Slope Elementary School is $15,530. 29 elementary schools in the Beaverton School District 48J spend more per student.

Schooldigger 2024 Rankings:

Bonny Slope Elementary School:

SchoolDigger ranks Bonny Slope Elementary School 17^th of 710 Oregon public elementary schools. (See Bonny Slope Elementary School in the ranking list.)

Elementary School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:

Multi-racial students:

Low Socio Economic Status students:

Female students:

Male students:

Asian students:

Hispanic students:

White students:

Beaverton School District 48J:

SchoolDigger ranks Beaverton School District 48J 19^th of 140 Oregon school districts. (See district ranking list.)

What do you think?

Your rating for Bonny Slope Elementary School?

(Ranking FAQ)

Rank History for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Compare

Rank History for all students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2010	84.21	62^nd	674	90.8%
2011	88.59	28^th	695	96.0%
2012	92.30	25^th	730	96.6%
2013	94.23	14^th	707	98.0%
2014	93.81	13^th	695	98.1%
2015	97.08	6^th	706	99.2%
2016	93.96	28^th	697	96.0%
2017	95.87	19^th	701	97.3%
2018	96.01	16^th	709	97.7%
2019	97.70	6^th	705	99.1%
2022	98.14	14^th	706	98.0%
2023	98.04	10^th	706	98.6%
2024	96.96	17^th	710	97.6%

See the entire list of Oregon Elementary School Rankings!

Rank History for Multi-racial students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	90.82	7^th	212	96.7%
2019	77.55	11^th	61	82.0%
2022	87.14	5^th	48	89.6%
2023	89.96	5^th	60	91.7%
2024	80.71	7^th	54	87.0%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Multi-racial Students!

Rank History for Special Education students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	89.43	19^th	481	96.0%
2019	98.73	2^nd	303	99.3%
2023	98.57	4^th	231	98.3%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Special Education Students!

Rank History for Low Socio Economic Status students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	72.11	111^th	640	82.7%
2022	98.24	12^th	703	98.3%
2023	93.62	18^th	595	97.0%
2024	52.08	199^th	523	62.0%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Low Socio Economic Status Students!

Rank History for Female students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	96.04	7^th	681	99.0%
2019	96.37	8^th	621	98.7%
2022	97.45	8^th	646	98.8%
2023	97.94	6^th	652	99.1%
2024	96.15	17^th	658	97.4%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Female Students!

Rank History for Male students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	94.19	22^nd	680	96.8%
2019	97.20	7^th	623	98.9%
2022	97.80	6^th	654	99.1%
2023	97.01	11^th	665	98.3%
2024	95.93	22^nd	662	96.7%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Male Students!

Rank History for Asian students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	86.24	3^rd	86	96.5%
2019	86.65	2^nd	48	95.8%
2022	88.74	2^nd	39	94.9%
2023	89.05	2^nd	39	94.9%
2024	90.87	1^st	41	97.6%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Asian Students!

Rank History for Hispanic students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	89.85	22^nd	475	95.4%
2022	99.94	2^nd	339	99.4%
2023	94.51	12^th	360	96.7%
2024	90.08	17^th	365	95.3%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for Hispanic Students!

Rank History for White students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	OR State Percentile
2018	93.79	16^th	683	97.7%
2019	94.73	11^th	662	98.3%
2022	95.36	18^th	666	97.3%
2023	95.99	10^th	656	98.5%
2024	92.40	33^rd	670	95.1%

See the entire list of Best Oregon Elementary Schools for White Students!

Data source: test scores: Oregon Department of Education, rankings: SchoolDigger.com

As you review the school rankings data, please be aware that some of the information from certain demographics is missing. The reason for this omission is that the data has been redacted from the source data itself due to low population samples in these specific demographic groups.

Redacting data from low population samples is a necessary step to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results, as small sample sizes may not be representative of the broader population. Additionally, this measure helps protect the privacy of individuals belonging to these demographic groups.

Data source: Oregon Department of Education

We're sorry, but no reviews have been submitted for Bonny Slope Elementary School.

If you have first-hand knowledge about Bonny Slope Elementary School, submit a rating!

Reviews:
No reviews have been submitted!

Enrollment information for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Compare

Year	White	African American	Asian	Hispanic	American Indian	Pacific Islander	Two or More Races	Not Specified	Total
2009	320	2	56	39	0	n/a	n/a	45	462
2010	346	2	73	37	0	n/a	n/a	35	493
2011	347	6	79	39	0	2	47	0	520
2012	372	5	103	39	1	1	54	0	575
2013	406	5	111	38	1	2	59	0	622
2014	417	7	111	30	2	2	67	0	636
2015	424	9	114	36	3	1	77	0	664
2016	420	7	105	33	3	1	74	0	643
2017	381	10	125	42	2	0	62	0	622
2018	378	8	132	53	1	2	64	0	638
2019	380	5	142	53	2	3	68	0	653
2020	365	6	158	58	2	4	64	0	657
2021	311	7	146	54	1	1	53	0	573
2022	306	9	168	61	1	1	62	0	608
2023	333	7	205	63	2	1	75	0	686

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Enrollment/Ethnicity

For more information about how the Department of Education defines ethnicity, see Defining Race and Ethnicity Data, National Center for Education Statistics

Students eligible for free or discounted lunch at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Compare

Year	# Students	Full-time Teachers	Student/Teacher ratio	% Free/Discounted Lunch
2009	462	25.0	18.5	19.2
2010	493	26.6	18.5	15.1
2011	520	26.3	19.7	19
2012	575	30.0	19.1	13.2
2013	622	27.2	22.8	10.1
2014	636	28.4	22.3	7.7
2015	664	33.0	20.1	8.7
2016	643	33.0	19.4	7.6
2017	622	32.8	18.9	7.7
2018	638	30.5	20.9	10
2019	653	30.8	21.2	11.8
2020	657	33.5	19.6	13.7
2021	573	29.4	19.4	n/a
2022	608	31.4	19.3	n/a
2023	686	34.5	19.8	15.2

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Students eligible for discounted/free lunch:

The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides low-cost or free meals to students in U.S. public and nonprofit private schools based on household income. Those with incomes below 130% of the poverty line receive free lunch, while those between 130% and 185% qualify for reduced-price lunch. The percentage of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch serves as a marker for poverty, as it reflects the socioeconomic status of families in a given school or district. A higher FRPL rate typically indicates a higher concentration of low-income families, suggesting that the school or district may face additional challenges in providing adequate resources and support for student success.

Student/Teacher Ratio Bonny Slope Elementary School

Compare

Year	# Students	Full-time Teachers	Student/Teacher ratio	% Free/Discounted Lunch
2009	462	25.0	18.5	19.2
2010	493	26.6	18.5	15.1
2011	520	26.3	19.7	19
2012	575	30.0	19.1	13.2
2013	622	27.2	22.8	10.1
2014	636	28.4	22.3	7.7
2015	664	33.0	20.1	8.7
2016	643	33.0	19.4	7.6
2017	622	32.8	18.9	7.7
2018	638	30.5	20.9	10
2019	653	30.8	21.2	11.8
2020	657	33.5	19.6	13.7
2021	573	29.4	19.4	n/a
2022	608	31.4	19.3	n/a
2023	686	34.5	19.8	15.2

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Student-Teacher Ratio

Student/teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of students by the total number of full-time equivalent teachers. Please note that a smaller student/teacher ratio does not necessarily translate to smaller class size. In some instances, schools hire teachers part time, and some teachers are hired for specialized instruction with very small class sizes. These and other factors contribute to the student/teacher ratio. Note: For private schools, Student/teacher ratio may not include Pre-Kindergarten.

Finances

Per Pupil Expenditures for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Year	Expenditures from Federal Funds	Expenditures from State and Local Funds	Total Expenditures Per Pupil (All Funds)
2019	n/a	n/a	$12,503
2020	n/a	n/a	$12,652
2021	n/a	n/a	$14,170
2022	n/a	$15,205 (100.0%)	$15,205
2023	$670 (4.3%)	$14,860 (95.7%)	$15,530

Data source: Oregon Department of Education

Pre and Post Pandemic Data

Impact of COVID-19 on Bonny Slope Elementary School

The coronavirus has had a profound impact on education in America. Learning shifted online overnight, attendance numbers dwindled, and enrollment decreased. SchoolDigger.com is making it easier for you to better assess how COVID-19 has impacted your school. Through the collection of pre-pandemic (2019) and current data, SchoolDigger.com is sharing test scores, enrollment numbers and school demographics from schools across the country – and we make it easy to see how impacted schools compare locally and statewide.

Rankings

Rank Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)	Rank Post pandemic (2022-2023)	Change (%)
Ranks 6^th of 705 Elementary schools	Ranks 10^th of 706 Elementary schools	0.6%

Test Scores

	% proficient Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)	% proficient Post pandemic (2022-2023)	Change (%)
3rd Grade English Language Arts (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	76.8	77.2	0.4%
3rd Grade English Language Arts (Beaverton School District 48J)	61.4	54.8	6.6%
3rd Grade English Language Arts (Oregon)	46.5	39.4	7.1%
3rd Grade Mathematics (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	77.7	77.2	0.5%
3rd Grade Mathematics (Beaverton School District 48J)	63.2	56.7	6.5%
3rd Grade Mathematics (Oregon)	46.4	39.7	6.7%
4th Grade English Language Arts (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	86.5	81.1	5.4%
4th Grade English Language Arts (Beaverton School District 48J)	65.1	58	7.1%
4th Grade English Language Arts (Oregon)	49.2	42.3	6.9%
4th Grade Mathematics (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	87.3	76.4	10.9%
4th Grade Mathematics (Beaverton School District 48J)	59	52	7%
4th Grade Mathematics (Oregon)	43.2	37.6	5.6%
5th Grade English Language Arts (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	87	81.1	5.9%
5th Grade English Language Arts (Beaverton School District 48J)	68	59.4	8.6%
5th Grade English Language Arts (Oregon)	54	47.1	6.9%
5th Grade Mathematics (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	79.6	78.5	1.1%
5th Grade Mathematics (Beaverton School District 48J)	52.4	47.2	5.2%
5th Grade Mathematics (Oregon)	37.8	30.7	7.1%
5th Grade Science (Bonny Slope Elementary School)	70.1	67.9	2.2%
5th Grade Science (Beaverton School District 48J)	46.6	42.2	4.4%
5th Grade Science (Oregon)	34.7	30.3	4.4%

Student Body

	Number of students Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)	Number of students Post pandemic (2022-2023)	Change (%)
Total Students	653	686	5.1%
African American	5	7	40%
American Indian	2	2
Asian	142	205	44.4%
Hispanic	53	63	18.9%
Pacific Islander	3	1	66.7%
White	380	333	12.4%
Two or More Races	68	75	10.3%
% Free/Discounted Lunch Recipients	11.8%	15.2%	3.4%

Schools Near Bonny Slope Elementary School

Choose columns to see: Summary School Students/Teachers Ranking Test Scores Finance All

School													Students/Teachers											Ranking (2024)				Ranking (2023)				OSAS English Language Arts (2024)			OSAS Mathematics (2024)			OSAS Science (2024)	Per Pupil Expenditures (2023)
Name	Type	Grades	Address	City	Zip	County	District	Is Charter	Is Magnet	Is Virtual	Is Title I	Phone	Enrollment	Full-time Teachers	Student/ Teacher Ratio	Free/Discounted Lunch Recipients	White	Black	Hispanic	Asian	American Indian	Pacific Islander	Two or More Races	Average Standard Score (2024)	Statewide Rank (2024)	State Percentile (2024)	SchoolDigger Rating (2024)	Average Standard Score (2023)	Statewide Rank (2023)	State Percentile (2023)	Rank Change from Previous Year	OSAS English Language Arts 3rd Grade	OSAS English Language Arts 4th Grade	OSAS English Language Arts 5th Grade	OSAS Mathematics 3rd Grade	OSAS Mathematics 4th Grade	OSAS Mathematics 5th Grade	OSAS Science 5th Grade	Per Pupil Expenditures Total	Sub-total from Federal Funds	Sub-total from State/Local Funds
Bonny Slope Elementary School	Public	K-5	11775 NW McDaniel Rd	Portland	97229	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2040	686	35	19.8	15.2%	333 (48.5%)	7 (1.0%)	63 (9.2%)	205 (29.9%)	2 (0.3%)	1 (0.1%)	75 (10.9%)	97	17^th of 710 public elementary schools	97.6%		98	10^th of 706 public elementary schools	98.6%	7	74.7	82.0	77.8	79.7	77.0	66.7	57.4	$15,530	$671	$14,860
Findley Elementary	Public	K-5	4155 NW Saltzman Rd	Portland	97229	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2100	527	26	20.3	5.7%	155 (29.4%)	11 (2.1%)	34 (6.5%)	281 (53.3%)	2 (0.4%)	1 (0.2%)	42 (8.0%)	98.3	8^th of 710 public elementary schools	98.9%		99.2	3^rd of 706 public elementary schools	99.6%	5	80.6	74.4	83.9	89.2	74.4	82.6	70.5	$15,301	$752	$14,549
Forest Park Elementary School	Public	K-5	9935 NW Durrett St	Portland	97229	Washington County	Portland School District 1J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 916-5400	328	16	20.5	3.4%	181 (55.2%)	7 (2.1%)	16 (4.9%)	80 (24.4%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	43 (13.1%)	98.3	9^th of 710 public elementary schools	98.7%		97	15^th of 706 public elementary schools	97.9%	6	77.8	80.3	80.4	87.0	74.6	74.5	74.5	$20,085	$1,481	$18,604
Cedar Mill Elementary School	Public	K-5	10265 NW Cornell Rd	Portland	97229	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2050	356	20	17.8	13.5%	199 (55.9%)	7 (2.0%)	45 (12.6%)	66 (18.5%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.3%)	38 (10.7%)	93.1	40^th of 710 public elementary schools	94.4%		96	26^th of 706 public elementary schools	96.3%	14	66.7	65.5	82.8	74.1	58.2	55.9	63.8	$17,796	$894	$16,902
Terra Linda Elementary School	Public	K-5	1998 NW 143rd Ave	Portland	97229	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2520	277	19	14.7	32.5%	163 (58.8%)	6 (2.2%)	54 (19.5%)	31 (11.2%)	2 (0.7%)	0 (0.0%)	21 (7.6%)	80.4	113^th of 710 public elementary schools	84.1%		78.3	120^th of 706 public elementary schools	83.0%	7	66.7	59.0	62.7	81.3	63.9	37.3	37.3	$20,372	$1,353	$19,019
Oak Hills Elementary School	Public	K-5	2625 NW 153rd Ave	Beaverton	97006	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2410	496	28	17.9	22.6%	278 (56.0%)	12 (2.4%)	84 (16.9%)	77 (15.5%)	3 (0.6%)	5 (1.0%)	37 (7.5%)	86.4	82^nd of 710 public elementary schools	88.5%		90.8	55^th of 706 public elementary schools	92.2%	27	61.4	62.4	68.2	64.8	54.7	58.1	43.5	$17,197	$762	$16,435
Jacob Wismer Elementary School	Public	K-5	5477 NW Skycrest Pkwy	Portland	97229	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2150	591	30	19.7	9.6%	129 (21.8%)	13 (2.2%)	45 (7.6%)	362 (61.3%)	6 (1.0%)	0 (0.0%)	36 (6.1%)	97.5	14^th of 710 public elementary schools	98.0%		95.5	30^th of 706 public elementary schools	95.8%	16	75.7	80.4	87.8	81.7	76.6	71.1	54.6	$15,413	$693	$14,720
West Tualatin View Elementary School	Public	K-5	8800 SW Leahy Rd	Portland	97225	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	No	(503) 356-2510	305	17	17.7	13.1%	201 (65.9%)	7 (2.3%)	26 (8.5%)	35 (11.5%)	1 (0.3%)	1 (0.3%)	34 (11.1%)	88.9	63^rd of 710 public elementary schools	91.1%		92.4	45^th of 706 public elementary schools	93.6%	18	68.8	60.8	72.3	62.5	68.0	46.8	51.1	$18,409	$945	$17,464
Barnes Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	13730 SW Walker Rd	Beaverton	97005	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	Yes	(503) 356-2130	478	30	15.9	68.2%	104 (21.8%)	18 (3.8%)	319 (66.7%)	11 (2.3%)	0 (0.0%)	5 (1.0%)	19 (4.0%)	12.7	658^th of 710 public elementary schools	7.3%		12.2	659^th of 706 public elementary schools	6.7%	1	13.5	24.0	22.1	16.0	25.3	7.2	11.4	$18,594	$1,073	$17,521
William Walker Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	11940 SW Lynnfield Ln	Portland	97225	Washington County	Beaverton School District 48J	No	(n/a)	No	Yes	(503) 356-2520	534	40	13.2	68.2%	148 (27.7%)	9 (1.7%)	316 (59.2%)	24 (4.5%)	1 (0.2%)	9 (1.7%)	27 (5.1%)	16.8	627^th of 710 public elementary schools	11.7%		27.7	516^th of 706 public elementary schools	26.9%	111	7.8	18.7	38.9	12.8	11.8	25.0	19.4	$22,051	$1,248	$20,803

Bonny Slope Elementary School

Bonny Slope Elementary School:

Elementary School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:

Beaverton School District 48J:

What do you think?

Rank History for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for all students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Multi-racial students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Special Education students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Low Socio Economic Status students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Female students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Male students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Asian students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for Hispanic students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rank History for White students at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Enrollment information for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Students eligible for free or discounted lunch at Bonny Slope Elementary School

Student/Teacher Ratio Bonny Slope Elementary School

Per Pupil Expenditures for Bonny Slope Elementary School

Impact of COVID-19 on Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rankings

Test Scores

Student Body

Schools Near Bonny Slope Elementary School

Frequently Asked Questions about Bonny Slope Elementary School

Rate Bonny Slope Elementary School!

Other helpful SchoolDigger resources...

Sign up for updates!